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Breaking the monopoly system: American influence on the British decision to prohibit opium smoking and end its Asian monopolies, 1939-1945

机译:打破垄断体系:1939-1945年,美国对英国禁止鸦片吸烟并结束其亚洲垄断地位的决定的影响

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摘要

The colonial opium monopoly systems remained a major point of international contention in the decades prior to World War II, driving a major wedge between British and US drug diplomats in particular. The issue typified the deeper divide between Anglo-American drug diplomacy in Asia. The British approach stemmed from imperial realities and a self-perception of pragmatism aiming for gradual suppression of opium consumption via regulation. In contrast, the US approach remained grounded in a disdain for British (and broader European) imperialism in Asia and a moralistic, self-interested zeal driving towards absolute and immediate prohibition in the region. After decades of dispute, in 1942/3 the US Federal Bureau of Narcotics initiated a campaign to force a change in British and Dutch colonial opium policies in Asia. The British were reluctant to pursue prohibitionist policies, which they feared would be politically destabilising, fiscally detrimental and difficult to implement. However, they eventually acquiesced. This paper systematically examines the US policy advocacy campaign, the British response and Britain’s reasons for agreeing to a major shift in colonial opium policy in the region. In so doing it aims to develop a new and deeper understanding of determinants of this policy change.
机译:在第二次世界大战之前的几十年中,殖民地鸦片专卖制度仍然是国际争论的重点,尤其在英美毒品外交官之间产生了重大分歧。这一问题标志着英美在亚洲的毒品外交之间的分歧越来越深。英国的做法源于帝国主义现实和对实用主义的自我认识,旨在通过监管逐步抑制鸦片消费。相比之下,美国的做法仍然是不屑于英国(和更广泛的欧洲)亚洲帝国主义,以及以道德,自私自利的热情去推动对该地区的绝对和立即禁止。经过数十年的争执,1942/3年,美国联邦麻醉品局发起了一场运动,要求改变亚洲的英国和荷兰殖民地鸦片政策。英国人不愿奉行禁止主义政策,他们担心这些政策会在政治上破坏稳定,在财政上有害并且难以实施。但是,他们最终默许了。本文系统地考察了美国的政策倡导运动,英国的回应以及英国同意对该地区的殖民地鸦片政策做出重大转变的原因。这样做的目的是对这种政策变化的决定因素形成新的,更深刻的理解。

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    Collins, John;

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